Business Plan For Small Business Administration - 906 Words

The U. S. Small Business Administration (SBA) recently announced a widening of services that assists small businesses acquire capital from lending partners (U. S. Small Business Administration, 2015). The Leveraging Information and Networks to Access Capital (LINC) initiative matches small businesses with SBA lending partners to help these businesses with their financial needs (U. S. Small Business Administration, 2015). It is apparent that the SBA is taking the necessary, and innovative, steps to make efficient use of its technological resources and partnerships to provide much needed assistance to small business; thereby enhancing its product base (U. S. Small Business Administration, 2015). Organizational Services To meet the needs of the growing small business community, the SBA provides new business start-ups with basic business training (e-courses), business financing using one of eight loan programs, guidance on how to become a government contractor, and how to keep their business strong by offering ongoing business classes and counseling (U. S. Small Business Administration, n.d.-a). Moreover, the SBA offers a valuable resource to its lending partners through new initiatives such as LINC, as well as the lender resource page that includes performance guidance and forms for participation under the many loan programs available (U. S. Small Business Administration, n.d.-b). Finally, the SBA provides management information about the agency, as well as information onShow MoreRelatedImproving Capital Access Programs Within The Sba1463 Words   |  6 PagesMay 19, 2015, a hearing in the 114th congress was held. The Subcommittee on Economic Growth, Tax and Capital Access (of the Committee on Sm all Business) entitled ‘Improving Capital Access Programs within the SBA’, discussed ways to give more money to its veteran entrepreneurs. This would be done by changing the loan process within the Small Business Administration. The House report gives the following testimony from, â€Å"a lender authorized to operate in the Loan Program that the initiative would helpRead MoreIntelligence into Success1435 Words   |  6 Pagesoften fathom about starting their own small business. Becoming a successful entrepreneur has been part of the American dream since the early 1800‘s. In addition to giving a person the ability to make his or her own decisions, business ownership opens the gateway to financial independence, creative freedom, and more time to spend with family (Smallbusiness.com). Nevertheless, how hard would it be to start a small business and be victorious? â€Å"Starting a business involves planning, making key financialRead MoreMau Lo Business Expansion156 9 Words   |  7 Pages Mau Loa – Business Expansion Funding opportunities should be explored and increased for small businesses and entrepreneurs doing business in Atlanta, GA (Fulton County). Georgia State Legislators should use their influence to broaden funding opportunities in the City of Atlanta similar to the funding opportunities enjoyed by start-ups in Silicon Valley (Southern San Francisco Bay area). More specifically, State politicians should consider using their influence to assist young entrepreneurs (underRead MoreSubcontracting Plans And Its Impact On The United States1058 Words   |  5 PagesSubcontracting Plans Small businesses in the United States (U.S.) have a major impact on the economy, affecting employment, sales and patents. The Small Business Association estimated that small businesses account for 54% of all U.S. sales, 55% of existing jobs and 66% of all new jobs. They account for 40% of retail sales, providing employment for 8 million people. Small businesses are responsible for producing 13 times more patents than larger firms, and constitute 40% of business receipts inRead MoreThe Department Of Defense Subcontracting Plan Programs, Acts, And Policies Essay1248 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Department of Defense subcontracting plan programs, Acts, and policies that are in effect. Furthermore, will detail the type of subcontracting plans, when they apply, procedures, and routing given by the Federal Acquisition Regulation. Following will explain how subcontracting plans are utilized in source selections, the economic impacts subcontracting has on small businesses, and how subcontrac ting plans are managed. 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Inability to make the transition from corporate employee to entrepreneur Marketing and Sales Issues 1. Ineffective marketing 2. Uncontrolled growth 3. Overreliance on a single customer Financial Issues 1. Inadequate financing 2. Poor cashRead MoreBusiness Initiative : Goldman Sachs1293 Words   |  6 Pages GOLDMAN SACHS ABSTRACT Communications plan to help Goldman Sachs reach goal of helping 10,000 small businesses increase their revenue and change their local economies. SHAYNA JAMISON PSPR 6202  Goldman Sachs 10,000 Small Businesses Goldman Sachs 10,000 Small Business Initiative is an investment to help entrepreneurs across the country to create jobs and opportunity by providing access to capital, business support, and education. 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The history of unions in America Free Essays

string(230) " affected by the introduction of machinery, the subdivision of labor, the use of women’s and children’s labor and the lack of apprentice system-so that the skilled trades were rapidly sinking to the level of the pauper labor\." The history of unions in America has seen a rich and contentious past. The Knights of Labor was the first major union in America, attracting nearly 750,000 members at the height of its popularity but did not have the lasting power to remain relevant in the American labor movement (Commanger, 1947, p 39) With the formation of the American Federation of Labor by Samuel Gompers in 1886, the American worker now had a strengthened voice when bargaining with their employers.   However, this new founded power and influence would not come easily. We will write a custom essay sample on The history of unions in America or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Pullman Strike of 1894 as well as the tragedy at the Triangle Shirtwaist factor in 1911 showed to the plight that the American worker had still to overcome.(Burns, 1999) This occurred at a time when the exploitation of the American worker was at its height. Millions of unskilled immigrants were coming from Central and Eastern Europe, not being able to speak the language and consenting to any job that they were willing to obtain. The formation of the U.S. Department of Labor in 1913 and the Clayton Act of 1914 helped recognize the importance and influence that the American worker had on the economy of the country, and therefore, its future success. (Commanger, 1947, p. 78)   The AFL would further increase its power with the 1955 merger of the other great labor union in America, the Congress of Industrial Organizations or the CIO, formed by labor leader John L. Lewis. Together, they were able to pool their resources and collective strength and now, there are nine million members of the AFL- CIO and up until the last decade, their power in collective bargaining for its workers had been strong but now face new and daunting challenges into the new century. The history of trade unions can be found as far back as in the lives and ideology of the Pilgrims and Puritans of the early 17th century. It was they who gave to this country, the idea of hard work being a virtue and a reward from God and that a strong work ethic, or Protestant Work Ethic; a term given to American culture by Sociologist Max Weber in 1905 to explain the affluent society that America was now able to offer. During this time and into the American Revolution, unions of various workers, from craftsmen to cabinet makers and cobblers constituted very primitive, but existing unions which were designed to help protect the interest of the worker over the merchant and ruling classes. One of the first notable strikes in American history was the 1974 New York strike of printers who lobbied for higher pay and shorter hours. There were strikes in Philadelphia in 1776 and in Boston in 1799; all over some of the most basic rights that the workers felt that they were entitled to under the â€Å"pursuit of happiness† clause in the Constitution. These efforts to organize were mostly ineffective but most importantly, reflected the need and desire for the worker to have his rights protected against the exploitation of the ruling and merchant class. The exploitation of the worker, as is seen today, is simply not just one receiving a low wage but any wage that is in disproportion to the amount that his services is worth. The first union seen in America was the Nation Labor Union in 1866.(Gillian, 1998. p. 87) The Union was able to persuade Congress to pass an eight hour work day law for federal workers. The law would require a great deal of expanding if it were to meet the requirements of the other 99% of America’s workers.   This would not be seen until the start of the 20th century, but as it is the case with most things in history, progress made today, was steeped in the struggles of the past. The labor union was no exception. The Knights of Labor was formed in 1869 and was the first major union with a lasting power in American history. At its peak, the Knights of Labor boasted a membership of 750,000. This was because there were no restrictions put on the membership of white and black, male and female and skilled and unskilled workers.( Commanger, 1947. p. 39) Terrance Powdery and the Knights, for the brief time that they were able to remain organized, remained a political force in the country. However, due to the riff that was being caused by skilled and unskilled workers as well as the riot in Haymarket Square in 1886 Chicago, the influence of the Knights declined steadily.(Miller, 2001, p. 178) One that was to replace the influence of the Knights, the American Federation of Labor, was able to eclipse the power and influence of all labor unions that have come before and with the merger with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955, all labor unions in America since. The American Federation of Labor, founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886, remains the most important union in America, 120 years after it was first founded.(Johnson, 2001) Gompers, who first became involved in the struggle for equality among the workers, was a leader of his local union and of the national Cigar Makers Union. While working in the cigar shops, in order to escape from the boredom of the job, began to read and educate himself ob all aspects of trade, the past exploitation of the worker and how it would be to organize these same workers in order to collectively pool, the strengths of the workers in this country. Also, the industrialization of America, as being a direct contributor of the Industrial revolution, now had a surplus in the demand for unskilled labor, designed only to feed and operate the machines that monotonously turned out the product on a much wider scale than ever previously imagined.   This is represented in an aspect of the mission statements of the AFL. †The various trades have been affected by the introduction of machinery, the subdivision of labor, the use of women’s and children’s labor and the lack of apprentice system-so that the skilled trades were rapidly sinking to the level of the pauper labor. You read "The history of unions in America" in category "Essay examples"† (Johnson, 2001) The AFL later declared: â€Å"To protect the skilled labor of America from being reduced to beggary and to sustain the standard of American workmanship and skill, the trade unions of America have been established.† (Peters, 1991 p. 328) This remained their mission statement, even into their merger with the CIO in 1955. One of the first representations of the need for such a union was in the 1894 Pullman Strike on the south side of Chicago.(Jones, 1972 p. 462) This was the second largest strike in the 19th century and one that at the start of the strike, had a lot of promise regarding the possibility for change. Even though the strike was not directly related to the AFL, it showed the hopelessness and powerless pessimism that the workers had regarding their inability to collectively bargain for what they felt was their due rights. The Pullman Company was involved in the building of Pullman sleeper cars for the railroad companies. The workers were not paid in American dollars but in script in order to buy their needed supplies at the company stores and pay rent for the housing to the company as well. â€Å"When George Pullman lowered wages in relation to the 1893 Depression, yet did not lower the rents or the prices at the stores, the workers went in strike. In response, the government swore in 3,400 special deputies, President Cleveland called in the federal troops and the strike was put down with the workers gaining nothing that they had wanted.† (Jones, 1972 p. 464) The strike had turned out to be a complete failure for the workers. The strike did serve as a victory for the government as injunctions were now being used with a greater frequency as an effective legal weapon against union organizing and strikes.   Another event in American History that had tragic consequences but which led to the formation of a strengthened union in America was the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Company. This occurred on March 25, 1911.(Burns, 1999)   Many strikes, some led by the AFL, were being organized all across the city of New York. Their demands were the result of the exploitation of the immigrant workers, mostly women and children who were being exploited to a degree than a modern American society would find hard to comprehend. A strike which failed in its objectives, had transpired in the immediate weeks before the fire. As a result of the attempted strike, the factory owners locked the doors to the factory and covered up the windows as to eliminate the number of distractions to the immediate work of the immigrants as well as a lesser ability to discuss and organize another strike. Only twenty minutes before the workers were to go home, a fire broke out on the 8th floor of the factory. The workers were trapped and instead of being burnt up in the fire, many chose to jump to their deaths. Women held the hands of their co workers, shut their eyes and jumped together, only to bounce off the pavement, dead!† (Burns, 1999)   This horrific event led to the formation of the U.S. Department of Labor in 1913 and the Clayton Act of 1914.(Byrne, 2006) Both of these were formed at the request and influence of the AFL which was then enjoying an increase in their strength and authority among the political circles. This is due to the fact of the greater industrialization of the American economy as well as a mass influx of immigrant workers coming to America from Central and Eastern Europe in order to escape oppressive economies and societies within their former homes. Many of these workers did not speak English as did many of the former   mass influx of immigrants do in the middle of the 19th century and who had become established at this time.   A large majority of these workers were unskilled laborers, thus had even less power and influence to bargain on an individual basis with the improvement of their individual rights before the passage of the Clayton Act. Therefore, the AFL had a now greater ability to influence for the betterment of its members, improved working conditions. The Clayton Act served as one of the most important pieces of legislation in the entire history of the American labor movement. The Act made it illegal to treat the worker as simply a commodity for financial gain above his worth as a human being. This increased the social standing and importance of the worker but also, excluded him from the provisions of the Sherman Anti Trust Act which had served as the legal basis for injunctions against union organized strikes.(Commanger, 1947 p. section 3 p. 43) The Clayton Act also gave the right to the worker to peacefully protest, form strikes and boycotts and dramatically limited the use of injunctions in labor disputes. The 1st amendment to the Constitution had been long ignored when it said that a citizen had the right to peacefully assemble. In the years leading up to the passage of the Clayton Act, the American worker was not allowed to peacefully assemble as their rights as seen in the Pullman Strike and in the prevention of any further strikes in the garment industry in New York City, was prevented. The importance of the Clayton Act was accurately detailed when AFL founder and President Gompers referred the act as the Magna Carta. It was indeed. In the 1920’s a decade that was seen as a time of great progress in American society, was a tougher time for the American industrial worker. The 1920’s was a time when unemployment rose quietly and the American worker, especially the American farmer, found himself faced with the daily problem of having to feed his family from the product of his own labor. The post WWI era brought wages down sharply and the membership numbers for unions decreased sharply as the major unions lost nearly a million members from 1920-1923 (Keeler, 1982 p. 87) Also, due to the scare that came over America, not to be bested until the 1950’s, the fear that the Communist revolution, which had taken place in the Soviet Union in 1917, and feared infiltration into American industry, was the source for suspicion from the American public as they looked into the unions of that day. Strikebreaking and blacklisting of those who did strike or who talked or striking, was now seen as a patriotic defense of the country. â€Å"The yellow dog contract which workers had to sign in order to then be considered for a job by their employer, bound them to never join a union’ at the same time, these large corporations promoted employees representation plans or company unions-pale and generally useless imitations of real unions.† (Keeler, 1982 p. 91) In order to get a job, one had to be assured that they had no ties to unions and fees that were paid under the table to the employer, was the only way in which one could hope to even be considered for employment. The influence of the unions enjoyed resurgence when the AFL joined forces with the Committee for Industrial Organization, later known as the Congress for Industrial Organizations in 1938, or the CIO. With its colorful leader John L. Lewis, a former president of the Mine Workers Union in the years after WWI, actually led the fight in bitter attacks on many members and aspects of the AFL and their competing vision for trade unions in America. The two organizations began to find common ground in the years during and immediately after WWII. Some of the old antagonisms were put aside and a merger was formed on December 5, 1955. An aspect of the mission statement as part of that historic day stated that the two organizations shared many of the same aspirations for the future of the American worker.: â€Å"What labor wants †¦ is what the American people want: honorable peace in the world, rising living standards at home and abroad, the human dignity that is the reward of economic progress, and the enjoyment of democratic liberties.† (McMillian, 1967 p. 232) The press at the time was also optimistic about the future of this historic merger: â€Å"†No doubt about it, unity of labor will bring benefits all around–in closer relationships between international and national unions †¦ in organizing drives among the millions of workers in industries that are largely unorganized, improved legislation, more effective political activity, and extended work with other community groups–all of them are in the cards.† (McMillian, 1967 p. 235) It was the design of the merger to pool together the collective strengths of the two unions, which at times, had formed a counterproductive and contentious relationship in the past as they both battled for an increase of influence in their own separate ideas of the future of labor in America. It was commented by the press that this merger might be helpful in the cessation of these quarrels. â€Å"Immediate effects of the merger will be to give the American trade union movement a single voice on political and legislative matters, instead of two separate and sometimes divergent voices,†(McMillian, 1967 p. 237) The merger gave the two unions, now one single union, and the largest number of members than any previous union in the history of the country. This, along with the growing power of the teamsters in the 1960’s and 1970’s and their colorful and sometimes controversial leader Jimmy Hoffa, the influence of the union, in both the lives of the worker as well as wit h politics, increased steadily over time. The constitution of the AFL-CIO, as formed in relation to the merger, established seven different and separate departments. They are still in operation within the union. They are the Building and Construction Trades Department, the Food and Allied Services Trades, the maritime Trades and Metal Trades department as well as the Department for Professional Employees and the Transportation and Union Label Departments. There are also non-profit, non partisan organizations that have since been included in the charter of the AFL-CIO. Some of these include, in order strengthening the diversity and membership of the union, the Black Trade Unionists and the Coalition of Labor Union Women. Some of the major function of these and other such groups is to lobby Congress, issue research reports and publications and build coalitions in order to further strengthen the power of the union with other groups. The AFL-CIO is made up of a combination of 54 national groups including some in Canada as well. From 1955 until 2005, the AFL-CIO came to be the recognized voice of almost all unionized workers in America. However, in the most immediate years, the influence and power to collectively bargain has hit a major impediment in the steep decline of their members. The future of the AFL-CIO is uncertain. As the organization prepared for its 50th anniversary celebration, three of the four largest unions announced that they would be withdrawing from the union. The Teamsters, which had always had a contentious relationship with the AFL-CIO left as well as the Service Employees International Union. The riffs, though seen as very personal, could not be salvaged as of yet and the future of the AFL-CIO as it continues to maintain the same level of power and influence as it did in the past, is being threatened. Another sign of the times, and one that will not likely be reversed anytime soon, is the millions of jobs that have gone overseas to countries where unions are not allowed and the worker received pennies on the dollar of the wages of the American worker. In a way, the AFL-CIO is a victim of their own success.   The improvements that they were able to give the American worker, mandatory health care from most companies, holiday and sick pay, overtime pay and a 40 hour work week have now negated themselves from many of the jobs that were once seen as bastions for the American worker but have now gone overseas by the millions. Unfettered capitalism and the reluctance for Congress to place the restrictive tariffs on these goods, former inventions by Americans, the television, most aspects of the radio and automobile as well as dozens of various consumer goods which had their origins in America, even the American flag, are all built in underdeveloped countries where the worker has little protection from being exploited and where businesses can reap profits in the billions. The future of the blue collar American worker is in jeopardy and the AFL-CIO may end up being powerless to stop it. WORKS CITED Burns, R. ( 1999)   The History of New York: Boston: PBS Video Byrne, M (2006) America’s Labor Movement. PBS: Boston Commanger, H.S. (1947) Documents of American History. New York: Century Publishers. Gillian, L. (1998) The Progressives Boston: PBS American Experience Hoyt, A ( 2001) Chicago: City of the Century. Boston: PBS American Experience Johnson, P ( 2006) The Supreme Court.   Boston: PBS Video Keeler, M. (1982) The History of the AFL. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. .Jones, R. (1972) The History of Labor: The Pullman Strike. New York: Premier Press. McMillian, J. (1967) The Influences of the American Federation of Labor.   New York: Simon Schuster. Negal, J ( 2001) The Progressive Movement. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press. Miller. D. (2001) Chicago: City of the Century. New York: Simon Schuster. Peters, M. (1991) The Clayton Act. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press Riis, J. ( 2001) How the Other Half Lives. New York: Simon Schuster. 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Adrian Smith free essay sample

Adrian Smith ay Meaningful m Adrian Frederick Smith, best known as Adrian Smith, one of the three guitarists in the British heavy metal band, iron maiden. Where I usually write the lyrics, next to the bassist Steve Harris. I was born on 27 February 1957, and I grew up in Cameron, London. I am the youngest of three siblings, my older brother Patrick and my sister Kathleen- I gained an interest in rock music at 15.On that time, I met a friend called Dave Murray with whom I would form a band called stone free, where I was the socialist and Murray the guitarist of the band. After that, I was inspired to take up the guitar, so I purchased an old one for EH. My original inspiration were Join winter and pat Traverse, which have inspired me to be a melodic player. I have always been inspired by Blues rock, rather than metal. We will write a custom essay sample on Adrian Smith or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When I was 16, I left school, and I formed my own band, Evil ways, and there was still with my friend Dave Murray; then, the band was renamed Urchin.In this band, I began writing my own songs, and my band Urchin had gained fame,and we signed with a famous music industry. Some months later, in 1979 Iron maiden offered me a place to play with them, but I turned them down. That was a decision I would later regret, because my band Urchin split up In 1980. After that, without a band, I was wondering what to do next, because I rejected Iron Maiden, fortunately, they asked me to reconsider Joining them, and I accepted, so, after a successful audition, I got Into the band.I have co-written many songs of the band, next to The singer Bruce Dickinson, and the bassist Steve Harris. Since that mime, we have been one of the most recognized British heavy metal band of the Nor. Also, Dave Murray and l, combined playing dual guitars, created what all music alls the most formidable twin guitar attack In heavy metal Some years later, Iron maiden took a time off, but l, and also, for many reasons, I left the band. And I would not play guitar again for some years. On the other hand, Ive got married to Nathalie Defense, she Is Canadian, and we started a family, at present, we have been married for more than 20 years, and also we have had three children Dylan, Nathan and Brittany, Also, I have formed another band, called The untouchables, Mulch later became Psycho Motel. Some time later, I have rejoined Iron Malden, and that was great, because then, we were three guitar, so the band had three times more power on It.Since 1990, my guitar skills have Improved, and I have learnt a lot about picking, tapping and I have experimented with tuning. Also, since then, I have been more delineated. Currently, I prefer to use Jackson guitars, but The first decent guitar I have had, Is a Gibson less Paul gold, Welch I bought when I was 17; ND I still use It today; which means, Its probably the best guitar I eve ever got Im Adrian Frederick Smith, best known as Adrian Smith, one of the three guitarists inspired by Blues rock, rather than metal.When I was 16, I left school, and I formed down. That was a decision I would later regret, because my band Urchin split up in so, after a successful audition, I got into the band. I have co-written many songs of time, we have been one of the most recognized British heavy metal band of the calls the most formidable twin guitar attack in heavy metal Some years later, Iron Nathalie Defense, she is Canadian, and we started a family, at present, we have Inch later became Psycho Motel.Some time later, I have rejoined Iron Maiden, and more power on it. Since 1990, my guitar skills have improved, and I have learnt a lot about picking, tapping and I have experimented with tuning. Also, since then, I have been more discriminated. Currently, I prefer to use Jackson guitars, but The first decent guitar I have had, is a Gibson less Paul gold, Which I bought when I was 17; and I still use it today; which means, its probably the best guitar I eve ever got

War with Mexico Essays - United States, Presidency Of James K. Polk

War with Mexico James K. Polk has declared war with Mexico because of the border dispute . On the border of Texas and Mexico, American troops led by Zachary Taylor were shot on American soil from Mexican troops. James Matthew was one of the witnesses of this incident. All he heard were cries of agony and gunshots as Mexican forces kill innocent men. In Polk's war address to Congress he states, "Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States , has invaded our territory, and shed American blood upon the American soil The two nations are now at war." Kearny led his forces to take over San Pasqual to take over Northern Mexican land. He marched in and he conquered all of Northern Mexico without a single causality. While Kearny had his hands tied up, Scott leads his forces to the port Vera Cruz. After Santa Anna was demoted after losing Texas he then rises back to power as a general. The two sides fought in two battles both leading Santa Anna's forces retreating. Scott then leads his forces to Mexico City. While Scott maybe excited his troops aren't so much, so Scott arouses them with a speech after six months of walking Scott reaches the gates of Mexico City. On September 13 Scott gives the order to fire on Mexico City. On September 14 Scott has taken over Mexico City. In February of 1848 the war is over by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . Mexico agreed to give the United States all of their Northern Territory for only fifthteen million dollars this became known as the Mexican Cession . The area given to us would be separated into six different states which include: California, Nevada, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Wyoming. The new border is at the Rio Grande between Mexico and the United States. California After the Eustach party found gold in western California, flocks of families moved west to get the slice of richness. Because of this find a huge epidemic was going around called Gold fever , and the only cure for it was gold. A forty- niner family was granted this title for leaving home in 1849 . The Donner party was one out of the eighty thousand families that were looking for gold. This party was unfortunate because they poorly planned their trip which caused them getting stuck in the Rockies for the winter. Luckily there was a shack they found and decided to wait it all out. After all their food ran out they went down the path of cannibalism when a rescue party found them all they could see was human and dog bones on the floor. They were then led to a mining town in California. All they could see in the mining town was trading posts, a bank, and a medical base. They went to the nearby bank and asked for claim twenty-six because it was a perfect p lace for mining because of the river nearby. Once arriving to their claim after a good night's sleep they started panning for gold. They noticed that the Chinese was also here, and they looked very depressed. People were throwing stones at them, and said things like get of our land Asians." After a hard day's work they found twelve ounces of gold. They then went to the trading post, and they saw Levi Strauss and his denim jeans. He said they're worth six ounces of gold, so they bought a pair and was on their way to a rich future. Inventions Galore The industrial industry is skyrocketing, but the four inventions that changed this the most were the steel tip plow, the telegraph, steam powered factories, and the invention of Morse code . The steel tip plow was invented by John Deere he wanted to be able to build something to plow the tough soil of the prairies versus the soft rich soil of the east coast of the states. He built this in Illinois by trying his first plow which was a saw. The telegraph and Morse code was built by Samuel Morse. The telegraph was built to be able to send electric pulses quicker and longer ranges than the

Free Essays on Homosexuality

Is Homosexuality A Mental Disorder? No. All major professional mental health organizations have gone on record to affirm that Homosexuality is not a mental disorder. In 1973 the American Psychiatric Association’s Board of Trustees removed homosexuality from its official diagnostic manual, The Diagnostic And Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Second Edition (DSM II). The action was taken following a review of the scientific literature and consultation with experts in the field. The experts found that homosexuality does not meet the criteria to be considered a mental illness. What causes Homosexuality/Heterosexuality/Bisexuality? No one knows what causes heterosexuality, homosexuality, or bisexuality. Homosexuality was once thought to be the result of troubled family dynamics or faulty psychological development. Those assumptions are now understood to have been based on misinformation and prejudice. Currently there is a renewed interest in searching for biological etiologies for homosexuality. However, to date there are no replicated scientific studies supporting any specific biological etiology for homosexuality. Similarly, no specific psychosocial or family dynamic cause for homosexuality has been identified, including histories of childhood sexual abuse. Sexual abuse does not appear to be more prevalent in children who grow up to identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual, than in children who identify as heterosexual. Is It Possible To Change One’s Sexual Orientation (â€Å"Reparative Therapy†)? There is no published scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of â€Å"reparative therapy† as a treatment to change one’s sexual orientation, nor is it included in the APA’s Task Force Report, Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders. More importantly, altering sexual orientation is not an appropriate goal of psychiatric treatment. Some may seek conversion to heterosexuality because of the difficulties that they encounter ... Free Essays on Homosexuality Free Essays on Homosexuality Homosexuality has been a source of constant conflict among many organizations of today’s society. Perhaps the most prominent disputes of this issue exist within the disagreement of same sex relationships from the views of society, homosexuals, the Christian church, and scientist’s biological theories. Society’s view is that homosexuals influence others; therefore, it is a chosen lifestyle. Most homosexuals believe they were born with a homosexual gene and they did not choose this lifestyle for themselves. The Christian church teaches that â€Å"homosexuality† is not God’s design for people, but believes there are ways of changing. Several scientific theories show no observations of a homosexual gene, but believe there could be certain happenings in one’s life that could change one’s sex subconsciously. Though society is a vast majority, this does not assure that its beliefs are right. In any event, society does play a major role in a homosexual's life. The view is that homosexuality is something that one does and is a chosen â€Å"lifestyle,† which can be influenced by others. People say that it is not inherited but caused by poor parenting skills. If a child is unable to form a loving relationship with the parent of the same gender, the child would take this incompleteness into adulthood, where he would seek love from another adult of the same gender. The result would then be homosexual activity (Tatchell 1). Society also believes that a person chooses his sexual lifestyle after puberty. They say when peer pressure comes into play in a teen’s high school years; individuals begin to experiment with homosexual behavior and eventually become addicted to it, thus, making it more and more natural for that individual. Natural is what homosexuality is NOT in society’s eye. Many people think homosexuality is some sort of disease that you cannot cure, and they stay clear of homosexuals for the fear of turning gay themselv... Free Essays on Homosexuality The simple explanation of homosexuality has baffled scientists, theologians, philosophers and the general public for hundreds of years. In many cultures homosexuality is looked upon as a sin or an unforgivable crime against morality, however, there are a few scattered cultures throughout the world in which homosexuality is favored or even encouraged. According to our social norm a man should be attracted to a woman and a woman should be attracted to a man, deviation from this norm creates an entirely new group of â€Å"sexual deviants† (Rollyson,23). For many decades, primarily at the beginning of this century these sexual deviants were thought of by doctors and psychologists as mentally ill individuals and were treated as such. Some underwent painful procedures to â€Å"straighten out† their brain function, others found themselves locked up in institutions heavily medicated and labeled a danger to society, still others endured a battle far worse than any treatment a doctor could prescribe the emotional torture of coming to terms with who they really were and then having to keep it locked up for fear of being found out. There are many opposing viewpoints dealing with the nature vs. nurture debate regarding homosexuality. Some ask if it comes from a variation in our genes or our physiology, from details of our personal histories, or a union of these. Is homosexuality a choice or compulsion? Can it be controlled? Truly, there is no one solid solution these questions and it has become very clear that no one single study or bit of information can clearly explain the mystery surrounding homosexuals and their feelings. Since homosexuality is now seen as â€Å"life left-handedness† many studies and debates have taken place in order to better explain this social anomaly. There is strong evidence on both sides of the debate however, due to the conservative nature of our culture the argument that homosexuality is unnatural and is very much b... Free Essays on Homosexuality Homosexuality By: Desiree Shone What exactly is a homosexual? It is a person sexually attracted to a person of their own sex. Why do people become homosexuals? This is a question that has been asked ever since the first homosexual person "came out of the closet." People do not choose to become homosexuals. There has never been a proven theory of why people become homosexuals. There are three theories that try to explain why people become homosexuals, they are: the Biological theory, Psychiatric theory, and the Sociological theory.(Thio, 211) The Biological theory is broken down into three different parts. The first one is the hormone theory which states that homosexual men have a low level of male sex hormones and a homosexual female have a low level of female sex hormones.(IBID, 211) the second one is the genetic theory. The genetic theory states that people are born gay and society only helps their homosexuality advance. Researchers announced that there is even a "gay gene".(Nardo, 66) The last Biological theory is the brain theory. The brain theory states that a person who has a smaller brain is most likely going to be gay.(Thio, 211) The Psychiatric theory has evolved through many different thoughts about what is homosexuality. At first, psychiatrists thought that it was a mental illness. After it was proven not to be an illness many assumed that homosexuals were going through sexual orientation disturbance. Psychiatrists helped gays to accept themselves as being homosexuals. Another psychiatric theory was that homosexuals had a bad parent-son relationship when they were growing up.(IBID) The last theories are the Sociological theories. Sociological theories state that society affects a person's sexual preference. The biological predisposition says that some people are more likely to become gay when they are born than other people.(IBID, 212) The socializing process states that children will decide their sexuality from contact... Free Essays on Homosexuality Is Homosexuality A Mental Disorder? No. All major professional mental health organizations have gone on record to affirm that Homosexuality is not a mental disorder. In 1973 the American Psychiatric Association’s Board of Trustees removed homosexuality from its official diagnostic manual, The Diagnostic And Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Second Edition (DSM II). The action was taken following a review of the scientific literature and consultation with experts in the field. The experts found that homosexuality does not meet the criteria to be considered a mental illness. What causes Homosexuality/Heterosexuality/Bisexuality? No one knows what causes heterosexuality, homosexuality, or bisexuality. Homosexuality was once thought to be the result of troubled family dynamics or faulty psychological development. Those assumptions are now understood to have been based on misinformation and prejudice. Currently there is a renewed interest in searching for biological etiologies for homosexuality. However, to date there are no replicated scientific studies supporting any specific biological etiology for homosexuality. Similarly, no specific psychosocial or family dynamic cause for homosexuality has been identified, including histories of childhood sexual abuse. Sexual abuse does not appear to be more prevalent in children who grow up to identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual, than in children who identify as heterosexual. Is It Possible To Change One’s Sexual Orientation (â€Å"Reparative Therapy†)? There is no published scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of â€Å"reparative therapy† as a treatment to change one’s sexual orientation, nor is it included in the APA’s Task Force Report, Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders. More importantly, altering sexual orientation is not an appropriate goal of psychiatric treatment. Some may seek conversion to heterosexuality because of the difficulties that they encounter ... Free Essays on Homosexuality Homosexuality within the Church: An Issue of Religious Liberty The Argument If one were to ask your stance on homosexuality within the Christian church and your reasoning behind your views, how would you answer them? I find that most Christians I have talked with take a rather conservative, traditional view and base their beliefs upon a few key passages in the Bible - I Corinthians 6:9-10; Ephesians 5:3-5; Colossians 3:5-6; Jude 5-7 and about a dozen more. The basic problem with limiting your view to these various scriptures is that homosexuals who claim to be Christians use these same passages in defense. Many claim that these passages have been translated incorrectly from their original texts (Hebrew and Greek). An exhaustive study by Pastor Ken Coulter which has been published by Logos Ministries under the title Dispelling the Myth, attempts to prove that throughout the centuries the translations of the original texts have been incorrect. For example, I Corinthians 6:9 is translat ed in the New King James Version as follows: Do you not know that the unrighteous will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived. Neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor homosexuals, nor sodomites.... The Greek words malakos arsenokoitai are translated into the modern word homosexual in this particular translation. However, Coulter makes the statement that malakos has a double meaning. The first of which means "softness," the second describes a character flaw which he translates as meaning "weak willed" or "easily beguiled." Arsenokoitai has been translated several different ways. Coulter says that the true meaning is a mystery, but that it could mean a "male prostitute who takes an active role." He also claims that there were many other words in the Greek that the apostle Paul could have used to make his meaning clearer if he was referring to homosexuality. What Coulter doesn't say is that Paul's meaning was not lost on the audience...

Story Analysis of Popular Mechanics by Raymond Carver

Story Analysis of Popular Mechanics by Raymond Carver Popular Mechanics, a very short story by Raymond Carver, first appeared in Playgirl in 1978. The story was included in Carvers 1981 collection, What We Talk About When We Talk About Love, and later appeared under the title Little Things in his 1988 collection, Where Im Calling From. The story describes an argument between a man and a woman that rapidly escalates into a physical struggle over their baby. Meaning of the Title The title of the story refers to the long-running magazine for technology and engineering enthusiasts, Popular Mechanics. The implication is that the way the man and the woman handle their differences is widespread or typical that is, popular. The man, woman, and baby dont even have names, which emphasizes their role as universal archetypes. They could be anyone; they are everyone. The word mechanics shows that this is a story about the process of disagreeing more than it is about the outcome of those disagreements. Nowhere is this more evident than in the final line of the story: In this manner, the issue was decided. Were never told explicitly what happens to the baby, so its possible there is a chance that one parent managed to wrest the baby successfully from the other. However, the parents have already knocked down a flowerpot, a bit of foreshadowing that doesnt bode well for the baby. The last thing we the audience see is the parents tightening their grip on the baby and pulling back hard in opposite directions.   The parents actions couldnt have failed to injure him, and if the issue has been decided, it suggests that the struggle is over. It seems most likely, then, that the baby was killed. The use of passive voice is chilling here, as it fails to assign any responsibility for the outcome. The words manner, issue, and was decided have a clinical, impersonal feel, focusing again on the mechanics of the situation rather than the humans involved. But the reader wont be able to avoid noticing that if these are the mechanics we choose to employ, real people do get hurt. After all, issue can also be a synonym for offspring. Because of the mechanics the parents choose to engage in, this child is decided. The Wisdom of Solomon The struggle over a baby echoes the story of the Judgment of Solomon in the book of Kings in the Bible. In this story, two women arguing over a baby bring their case to King Solomon for resolution. Solomon offers to cut the baby in half for them. The false mother agrees, but the real mother says shed rather see her baby go to the wrong person than see it killed. By her selflessness, Solomon recognizes who the real mother is and awards her custody of the child. But there is no selfless parent in Carvers story. At first, it appears the father wants only a photo of the baby, but when the mother sees it, she takes it away. She doesnt want him to have it. Angered by her taking the photo, he escalates his demands and insists on taking the actual baby. Again, he doesnt really seem to want it; he just doesnt want the mother to have it. They even argue about whether theyre hurting the baby, but they seem less concerned with the truth of their statements than with the opportunity to hurl accusations at each other. During the story, the baby changes from a person referred to as him to an object referred to as it. Just before the parents make their final pull on the baby, Carver writes: She would have it, this baby. The parents want only to win, and their definition of winning hinges entirely on their opponents losing.  Its a grim view of human nature, and one may wonder how King Solomon would have dealt with these two parents.

A comparison & contrast of two comparable company leaders Essay

A comparison & contrast of two comparable company leaders - Essay Example Businesses have increasingly discovered that their successful survival depends largely on their capacity to leverage collective knowledge which consequently depends on the cadre of supervisors and leaders that they possess in order to meet the growing demands of speed and innovation in the fast moving business world. Leadership has attained importance in its ability to influence individuals and groups in directing and supporting their efforts towards accomplishments of organization goals and objectives. Leaders have been recognized as heroic figures that have the capabilities to determining the future and fate of the organization. The search for the leadership traits and characteristics has been continuing for centuries and extensive research has been conducted to find the qualities distinguishing an individual as a leader. History suggests that different leaders have followed different leadership styles over the years; while some have been participative others have been autocratic. However, this largely depends on the personal characteristics of the individuals standing out as leaders. This project seeks to bring forth the differences and similarities of leadership styles pursued by Bill Gates and Steve Jobs who are owners of Microsoft and Apple respectively. This is done with particular reference to the theories of leadership and real life examples from organizations. Steve Jobs has been an unconventional leader and is known as for ability of building consensus and consultative approach. His leadership style demanded high degree of excellence and accuracy from his co-workers and he was known for his blunt release of criticisms. On the other hand, Bill Gates is known for his technical bent of mind and demonstrates task oriented leadership style where he is found to be mostly concerned with the accomplishment of tasks and organizational objectives. Leadership style of Steve Jobs In order to understand the core steps and ideas which led to the growth of Apple an d accounted for its success, it is crucial to make a thorough understanding of the leadership style followed by Steve Jobs who had been the CEO of the company during the same period. One of the statements made by Steve Jobs throws light on the style of leadership that Steve Jobs he considered adopting. He had said that innovation is the main distinguishing factor between a leader and a follower. Innovation has been the key to the style of leadership that Steve Jobs has followed in his organization. Also his leadership style has made innovation easily accessible to all his customers such that they remain open to acquiring his products frequently (Hitt, Ireland & Hoskisson, 2010, p.352). In this context it is surprising to note that Steve Jobs did not successfully graduate from any college. He rather devoted all his time to technologies and innovations in his domain. Thus it can be inferred that leadership is a feature which cannot be acquired, rather individuals are born with the cha racteristics. Steve Jobs is considered to be the central personality in his organization. He has become the icon in the organization and seems to have developed a cult-like personality. This is the reason why Apple is considered to be personality driven (Dailey, 2011). Charismatic Leadership Style followed by Steve Jobs Charismatic leadership typically instils submission and awe in the minds of the followers

H1N1 and Canadian Health Care Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

H1N1 and Canadian Health Care - Research Paper Example Reason being was young and middle-aged adults are mostly out of their houses which can easily acquire the virus. The virus is said to be contagious and can easily be transmitted as a regular seasonal flu. The process could include when an infected person coughs or sneezes and germs enter the nose, eyes or throat of another person. Public counters and doorknobs could be potentially dangerous as the germs rest on different surfaces. It resembles same sign and symptoms of an ordinary influenza but in some cases can develop nausea, vomiting, sore throat, mild conjunctivitis and diarrhea. Initial symptoms could be mild but if left untreated could lead to pneumonia or respiratory failure. In children, they may present nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain while infected infants may present a sepsis-like syndrome. Since H1N1 resembles the strain of common influenza virus, the diagnosis can be considered in any patient with flu-like symptoms. A PCR Test to detect H1N1 virus is now being used to check infection of swine flu. Treatment approach is conservative through relieving of symptoms by use of over-the-counter drugs but for those late stages a use of antiviral drugs is the option. Recently, as the virus spreads around the world, most government would require vaccines and different television stations are now advertising frequent hand washing with use of soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer to reduce transmission of infection. H1N1 entering Canada It was first cited that H1N1 virus first appeared in Canada as per Public Health Agency of Canada reported. Though, the Canadian Government has expected the arrival of the second wave of the illness last October 2009 since there was an increased in H1N1 activity in several parts of the country; this would mean that there is an increased in number of Canadians infected by the virus. Though, the Canadian Government is in continuous work with international partners in learning more about the virus and to prepare in case there would be some changes to the virus' nature and if there would be another wave infecting the nation. As it rapidly affecting most Canadians, there is still no evidence suggesting the strain becomes stronger. Death Toll and Canadian Government Stand on the illness As we already knew the process of virus transmission. Canadian Government as a firm stand on how we could prevent the disease from spreading and the possibility of infecting others. Deaths Province / Territory New Deaths reported (from November 24, 2009 to November 26, 2009, 11h00 EDT) Cumulative British Columbia 2 36 Alberta 6 51 Saskatchewan 1 12 Manitoba 0 9 Ontario 16 95 Quebec 5 83 New Brunswick 0 6 Nova Scotia 0 5 Prince Edward Island 0 0 Newfoundland and Labrador 0 8 Yukon 0 2 Northwest Territories 0 1 Nunavut 0 1 Total 30 309 Source: The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) The Public Health Agency of Canada has taken some steps to follow to avoid the infection through the following simple steps: 1. Use of Alcohol-based sanitizer or frequent

The Guy Code Essay Example for Free

The Guy Code Essay To be a man in many cultures to this day still means the same as it did years ago, it has not changed much due to men still wanting the power, respect, and holding on to that image of being better than the other man. It all begins when the young boy is taught to be a man and is no longer able to cry or show emotion. He then will be interested in wanting to be better and stronger than his fellow classmates. This turns into having the pressure not only from your father but from society in general to prove your masculinity. In some cases just to prove one the young men result in different kinds of acts of violence if not to them self’s then towards others. All in all some resort to other measures as to hold the act of silence just to fit in and feel they are holding on to what is said to be the guy code. Whatever it may be growing up in todays society being a man is not as simple as I assumed it once to be. I do believe there is a strong feeling of competing between most men, ranging from playing the best sports, having the most muscles, better jobs, nicer cars, etc. You would think it would be most likely to impress the ladies but I’m afraid it is more of trying to impress other males. Proving ones masculinity is rather quite interesting, being a woman I always saw these things happening I just never really looked into it till now. As we begin to ask ourselves where this battle begins in a young boys life that he is shown to start to act like a man, psychologist like William Pollack argue that from an early age boys are taught to refrain from crying to suppress their emotions, never to display vulnerability. With that being said when a boy is 4 or 5 he is still attached very much so to his mother which it completely normal, knowing that it is ok to cry when he gets a scrape or a cut to show emotion during a storm. It is when the child is around 9 years of age that he begins to hear those dreadful words â€Å"Be a man† that usually come from the mouths of the father/ father figure in the young boys life and his angle of seeing things takes a turn. He then is confronted with other boys in school, the teasing and the act of fitting in begins to take a major role in the boy’s life, it pushes the young boy to want to be tougher or cooler than the other boys in his school. It turns into somewhat of a ri sk as to what choice the young boy will take to begin to prove his manliness. We should not be shocked as to hear where most of these boys get these ideas from, most will get it from there fathers, others from coaches, teachers, uncles, etc. Maybe when they hear things coming from their fathers it seems to have a deeper effect on these young boys, trying to prove himself to the eyes of his father and make him proud of his little boy. The tougher and stronger you are the better you will be in life is how most males think in different cultures. As to coaches or P.E teachers putting ideas into the kid’s heads, push harder, throw further, swing faster! Giving them the impression that the tougher you are the more of a man you are, some coaches have gone as to extremes to call the boys wimps, sissys, feeling forced to take the hits and not showing emotion, just because that’s what men do. So they try harder to be better to prove them self’s to these older, influential men in their lives. There will always follow the pressure of a guy proving to himself as well as to his peers how much of a man he is. No guy wants to be called gay or any other word that will affect his masculinity obviously when he is trying to prove how much of a man he is. So they make sure they wear the right clothes, play the right sports, talk enough, and listen only when necessary. Basically anything that has to do with showing to much emotion goes out the window. If you ask a teenage boy what is the common put down he would most likely say the answer is that is so gay Not necessarily does this mean homosexuality but by being called gay is being used as a kind of way to say you are not masculine enough. In the article it mentions that most men despite them proving there masculinity to impress a woman they strive to out show themselves in front of other men more. It’s like they want to have each other’s approval more than anything. Some guys take proving there masculinity very serious and when they feel the respect or taunting of their masculinity is at risk they turn to desperate measures that most times involve an act of violence. Regardless if it may be towards the person challenging their manhood or towards themselves, in some young men being bullied about their sexuality sometimes results in them taking their own lives. I’ve herd of young boys having had enough with the teasing and bullying and decide to take their lives just to not go another day with other boys teasing them. When in other situations some men feel they need to prove just how powerful they are and seek a fight, while others watch just to show everyone just how strong they are resulting in them getting respect. This act of violence you will mostly see in thugs or gangsters. Others preform horrible acts of sexual violence among fellow members of a group, team or fraternity; this is what is called hazing the new members. At times takin g things too far and the frat guys end up hurting or even sending them to the hospital with savvier injuries. There is far worse scenario when these college guys preform sexual acts toward woman and others watch but go by the act of silence and not report the crimes and are lead to believe that they are men and shall not tell on one another. If one as parent raised their young boy different maybe things would be easier on him. One would think but in today’s society what is taught at home will only do so much before the young boy is exposed to the reality of how men are in this world. I could go on and on to my son about how he can be his own man and express himself in the manner he chooses to, but once he steps out the door he will be confronted with other kids and that is when the urge to want to be better the only way he will be taught through these boys. So instead maybe one as a parent kind of ends up having no choice but to start at home and hope that what we teach our boys will guide them to be a good man with good standards. In conclusion proving you are a man in today’s society seems to be very stress full and at times might take a toll on a few of these young boy’s. Maybe it is wrong how society is and the pressure these young boys face. It has been this way for many years and I highly doubt the presumption of what it takes to be a man will change any time soon. It was interesting to learn how the minds of guys think. The power, respect, and pride in these men just to follow the so called â€Å"guy code† is very amazing but just how far will these boys and men go to prove there masculinity? Leaves me to think how my son’s will be and grow up to become after having had lived through school, college and work experiences.

bay of pigs :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the administration of United States President John F. Kennedy, the Cold War reached its most dangerous state, when the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) came to the brink of nuclear war in what was known as the Cuban Missile Crisis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United States and Russia were already engaged in the Cold War, and both countries were now in a race to build up their armed forces. The Arms Race was a competition between both countries to scare each other by creating bigger, more powerful missiles and bombs. Usually, the United States was more advanced than the Soviet Union in technology and the Soviets tried to catch up as quickly as possible and neither stopped. The American people thought that the Russians had more, and better missiles than the United States had because of Soviet Premier Khrushchev boasting over his country’s status. Eventually, American officials show this to be false. As the Cold War continued, the fear of a nuclear holocaust grew and proposals for arms reduction began, but the fear still remained. In 1961, the United States formed the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, which dealt with the government policy concerning nuclear testing and arms control. In May of 1972, the firs t Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT 1) came to an end and a treaty had been signed by the United States and the Soviet Union to limit the production of anti-ballistic missile systems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the Cold War people feared nuclear war, but the world was never closer to one then during the Cuban Missile Crisis. There would be no winner in a nuclear war, only destruction would remain. For fourteen days in October of 1962, American and Soviet troops were prepared to attack one another and were ready to use nuclear weapons. This was the highest peak of tensions during the Cold War.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Cuban Missile Crisis began with the growing tensions between the United States and Cuba following the Cuban Revolution of 1959. The revolution ousted Cuba’s dictator, Fulgencio Batista and brought to power a government headed by Cuban revolutionary leader Fidel Castro. Before the revolution, the United States had a significant influence in Cuba’s economic and political affairs, but the Castro government refused to be influenced by the United States. Castro caused concern in the United States when he confiscated property belonging to wealthy Cubans and foreigners in an attempt to implement policies to improve conditions for poor and working-class Cubans. bay of pigs :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the administration of United States President John F. Kennedy, the Cold War reached its most dangerous state, when the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) came to the brink of nuclear war in what was known as the Cuban Missile Crisis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United States and Russia were already engaged in the Cold War, and both countries were now in a race to build up their armed forces. The Arms Race was a competition between both countries to scare each other by creating bigger, more powerful missiles and bombs. Usually, the United States was more advanced than the Soviet Union in technology and the Soviets tried to catch up as quickly as possible and neither stopped. The American people thought that the Russians had more, and better missiles than the United States had because of Soviet Premier Khrushchev boasting over his country’s status. Eventually, American officials show this to be false. As the Cold War continued, the fear of a nuclear holocaust grew and proposals for arms reduction began, but the fear still remained. In 1961, the United States formed the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, which dealt with the government policy concerning nuclear testing and arms control. In May of 1972, the firs t Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT 1) came to an end and a treaty had been signed by the United States and the Soviet Union to limit the production of anti-ballistic missile systems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the Cold War people feared nuclear war, but the world was never closer to one then during the Cuban Missile Crisis. There would be no winner in a nuclear war, only destruction would remain. For fourteen days in October of 1962, American and Soviet troops were prepared to attack one another and were ready to use nuclear weapons. This was the highest peak of tensions during the Cold War.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Cuban Missile Crisis began with the growing tensions between the United States and Cuba following the Cuban Revolution of 1959. The revolution ousted Cuba’s dictator, Fulgencio Batista and brought to power a government headed by Cuban revolutionary leader Fidel Castro. Before the revolution, the United States had a significant influence in Cuba’s economic and political affairs, but the Castro government refused to be influenced by the United States. Castro caused concern in the United States when he confiscated property belonging to wealthy Cubans and foreigners in an attempt to implement policies to improve conditions for poor and working-class Cubans.

Othello †Race and Stereotypes

Othello’s race does not prominently impact his demise, although Shakespeare touches upon the issue of race, the reason for Othello’s demise lies somewhere else. However, the allegations of race directly lead to its tragic ending. Feelings of inadequacy and distrust without question aid in the tragedy. The fact that Othello’s skin color is important alters the interpretation of the tragedy within the play. The racism represented in Othello is not just about an instance of prejudices and prejudgments made by a crowd of people against another, but in fact has much more subtle and devastating consequences, specifically, that it is proliferated not only by the discriminatory section of society, but also by the target of this discrimination. Although Othello didn’t initially validate any of the stereotypical qualities that certain people labeled him with, he began adapting to them as he started to doubt himself. By coming to the assumption that he is in a racially inferior position, Othello struggled in dealing with the stereotypes appropriately, thereby only increasing his own struggle with his race. If Othello didn’t have such inferior complex and instead had faith within him, the conflict would never have ascended. Rather than tagging the play Othello as anti-racist or a discriminatory play, there is a substantial lesson that can be learned. From a racial perspective, the tragedy exposes the powerful outcomes that racial differences can generate when in conjunction with one’s personal self-doubt. With Iago’s manipulations the notions of race were provoked for Brabantio, Rodrigo, and Othello, activating any suppressed racial prejudices and self-doubt. It seems obvious that Iago has strong feelings of personal inadequacy and is jealous and resentful of the love shared between Othello and Desdemona. However, Iago’s motive seems to be more than that. I thought his hatred was from his own personal dissatisfaction, but when he becomes lieutenant he is still unhappy and goes for the total destruction of Othello’s life. So, I tried to see what it would be like to put my feet in Iago’s shoes, to feel his hatred and of course connect what the play is about. It then hit me that through Iago’s judgments Othello is â€Å"the Moor† and should therefore exemplify the common idea of a moor, which is not admiration, self-worth, and fortune; it is one of disconnectedness and dependency. When he says that â€Å"nothing can or shall content his soul/ Till he is evened with the Moor, wife for wife† (Act 2: Scene), he means that he is satisfied until Othello’s ife is made equal with his involving feelings of inadequacy and jealousy, which are all qualities fitting to a â€Å"moor†. Throughout the play Iago repetitively uses derogatory remarks when speaking of Othello so to encourage certain people in the play to endure racism and confirm that it was the norm. Even so, some of Iago’s semantics reveal his own prejudices. For example, Iago only refers to Othello as a â€Å"Moor† with the exception of when he refers to Othello as the â€Å"black Othello† (Act 2: Scene 3). Iago hates Othello because he is â€Å"the Moor† yet does not symbolize the expected role of what is thought of to be a black man in these times. There is neither reason nor logic behind his hatred, but discrimination against one seldom has reason, for it is characteristically irrational thinking. Iago is a clear illustration of what racism is and will justify his irrational thoughts with anything, just as Iago contributes to Brabantio and Rodrigo’s reasoning behind their actions and Othello’s reasons for acting out on his uncertainties and self-doubt ultimately leading to his demise and an all-around tragedy.

Letter from a Birmingham Jail

In â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. uses several writing techniques. There are two that are used predominately in his famous letter. To clarify his strategy the reader has to first understand the intended audience of his letter. The document is addressed to â€Å"My Dear Fellow Clergymen. † Then to look at the letter a little deeper – it is not only the who the letter is addressed – but the position of those to who the letter is addressed. The recipients of this letter do not agree with Dr. Marti Luther King Jr’s actions.Dr. King uses the writing techniques of exposition and description in this letter to his fellow pastors. Dr. King is defending his actions to his fellow pastors. To do this he has to describe why he is doing what he is doing and then expand on these ideas and actions. The first technique I will prevail on is that of expository writing. Dr. King is communicating to concerned clergy what he firmly belie ves. What his ideas and dreams are for the movement. Dr. King goes beyond description in this letter. He finds words to ensure the readers understand his ideas. Although the recipients of his letter disagree with his actions Dr. King draws out again that, â€Å"Oppressed people cannot remain oppressed forever.The yearning for freedom eventually manifests itself†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (King). He digs deep within his heart to share his readers what he is feeling, his pain, his torment, his anger, his joy, his hope – and even his love. Dr. King holds nothing back in sharing his ideas and his inner most feelings. The next technique used in this letter is that of description. Dr. King goes into great detail describing what he and the movement are doing. What and why they have done 1 things that some don’t agree with. He at no time apologizes for the actions he has taken – he is merely describing what led him to take these certain actions. At one point in theletter he describ es his feeling of how he came to be at the front of the civil rights movement. He goes on to describe the event that led to his leadership role. He states â€Å"When I was suddenly catapulted into the leadership of the bus protest in Montgomery, Alabama, a few years ago†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Dr. King was very effective in his technique and strategy of writing. He relates many activities the movement has been involved in. He shares some of the stories of those he has met and stood side by side with. The letter describes his dreams of a better America.He describes not only a 72 year old lady in Alabama – bet expands on why she is doing what she is doing. Because her feet are tired†¦. In thirty nine paragraphs and using less than 7,000 words (6,898) – Dr. King shares from a single jail cell in central Alabama the very essence of the American Civil Rights Movement of the 1960‘s. He describes to his readers not only what he is doing as part of that movement and why he i s doing these things. More importantly – through exposition writing the reader understands exactly who the movement is for. As a reader of this letter I could see the entire movement unfold up to that point from his cell. I could also from benefit of history see where that movement was going.From a bus ride in Montgomery, to a cell in Birmingham, on to speaking in front of a National Monument and a finally a wave from a balcony in Memphis. Was he successful in his writing strategy and techniques? The lunch counter signs are gone – there are not notes at water fountains – and let’s not forget who just moved into 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue. 2 Bibliography King, M. L. Jr. (1963). University of Pennsylvania: African Studies Center. Letter from a Birmingham Jail. Retrieved February 18, 2009, from, http://www. africa. upenn. edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham. html

Bystander Apathy essays

Bystander Apathy essays As you wait to cross the street, a blind man is standing in front of you. Without warning, he begins to cross the street even though the light has not changed in his favor. He seems to be in no danger until you see a car about a half mile away speeding towards him. Totally unaware of the situation, the man continues walking across the street. As you and many others watch in horror he is struck by the car. Although every single one of you had plenty of time to rescue him, you just watched, hoping that someone else would do it. After all, you don't know him so it's really none of your business. This is what is referred to as "bystander apathy". People close enough to see, hear and possibly touch one another are socially distant and totally indifferent to the fact that another human being may be dying, in immediate danger, or asking for help. This extremely sad urban problem is just that- a problem of cities. The likelihood of this occurring increases with the number of people present and it is probable that there will be many people to witness an event when it happens in high density cities. Urban sociologists, social psychologists, and criminologists have argued for years that the size of cities is directly related to the amount of "social pathology" they contain. The legal consequences are not severe. Unless an individual is a certified medical doctor, they have no obligation in Alberta to help anyone in need. So generally, they don't. The personal consequences may be more severe. Feelings of guilt and regret may follow an event, especially if it ends fatally or if the individual feels that they could have done something significant. Because of this, people attempt to convince themselves and others that they were justified in their inaction because "it wasn't their place", "I didn't want to do it alone", or "I didn't want to get involved." Excuses like this often stem from fears of being seen as abnormal, possib...

Word Choice Exhort vs. Extort - Proofread My Paper

Word Choice Exhort vs. Extort - Proofread My Paper Word Choice: Exhort vs. Extort â€Å"Exhort† and â€Å"extort† are both verbs (i.e., action words) and similarly spelled, but neither is a word often used on a daily basis. This makes it easy to confuse them if you’re not careful. But these terms also have very different meanings, so using the wrong one in your written work would be unfortunate. To make sure this doesn’t happen, keep the following in mind. Exhort (Encourage or Urge) If you â€Å"exhort† someone to do something, you’re encouraging or urging them to follow a particular course of action. For instance, as proofreaders, we might say: Typos can look very bad to recruiters, so we exhort you to proofread your resume carefully! A passionate attempt to persuade someone in this way is known as an â€Å"exhortation.† Extort (Obtain via Force or Threats) To â€Å"extort† something is to obtain it via force, coercion, intimidation or threats. For example, we might say that a school bully â€Å"extorts† lunch money from the other children. Extortion is the slippery slope that leads from bullying to organized crime. The adjectival form of this word (i.e., used to describe actions or people that obtain something via force) is â€Å"extortive.† We’d use this term in a sentence like the following: The school bully’s extortive behavior meant she was given detention. The term â€Å"extort† is most commonly used in relation to â€Å"extortion,† which is the crime of using force or threats to extract money from a person or business. Thus, we might say that a gangster or corrupt official has â€Å"extorted† money from his or her victims. Exhort or Extort? As you can see, there’s a big difference between â€Å"exhorting† someone to do something, which implies offering advice, and â€Å"extorting† something, which implies threatening someone. Although extortion could involve exhorting someone to hand over their wallet, if you want to get technical. If you’re still not sure which term is which, it can help to think that â€Å"extortion† is â€Å"extracting† money from someone, and that both of these start with the letters â€Å"ext.† Remember: Exhort = Passionately advise or urge something Extort = Gain something using threats or intimidation

Exotic and unique Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exotic and unique Australia - Essay Example Kangaroo island’s economy mainly comprised of agriculture with lobster fishing and while service sector grew with prominence. Kingscote is the administrative center, and it is the largest town. The island has numerous nature sanctuaries to guard the fragments of its native animals and natural vegetation, with the Flinders Chase National Park being the biggest and the best-acknowledged park (Smith 9). Mathew Flinders, a British explorer, alit near Kangaroo Head on Dudley Peninsula in 1802. Nicolas Baudin, a French explorer, followed later on and mapped most of the Island. Kangaroo Island became the first free settlement in Australia with runaway sailors, escaped convicts and sealers calling it home. Kangaroo Island is bestowed with inborn animals in primeval settings. They include the sea lions in their habitation at Seal Bay and petite penguins swaying to shore in Penneshaw (Wakefield 12). The island has jagged adventurous landscapes and pleasurable beaches. The island also has a Hike Hanson Bay for hiking and Kelly Hill Conservation Park for caving. One of the unique elements of the Kangaroo Island is the remarkable ancient rocks. The island coast, on the other hand, has dolphins that people swim with, snorkel vivid reefs and dive shipwrecks. The wildlife in Kangaroo Island is comprised of birds like pelicans, ducks, swans, wader and little penguins. The Island is a home to two hundred sixty seven bird species and hundreds of peaceful kangaroos. Other animals include wallabies, possums and kangaroos that are most active on their nocturnal tour from American River (Wakefield 12). Flinders Chase National Park has awe-inspiring rock formations and Admirals Arch. Still the island is bequeathed with historic lighthouse surroundings where people learn about the introverted existences of light custodians and their families. The infinite coastal escapades dive with sporadic leafy sea

Why Franchising is Going Global Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 33

Why Franchising is Going Global - Assignment Example Social structures – the structures within the international market differ from those within the US. Consideration of these factors will enable the franchises to effectively undertake operations within the global market. The business operations of the franchises must become integrated with the social structures within those countries. Cultural values and attitudes – in seeking to satisfy the new customers which the franchise will get in the international market, understanding the customers becomes essential. A consideration of these elements becomes essential in managing the cultural diversity which is created through the expansion of the franchise into the international market. The attitudes and values will be essential in the development of strategies aimed at marketing the franchise to the international market. In seeking to enhance the appropriateness of franchise products within the international market the franchises must undertake different approaches. These appro aches will be aimed at ensuring the products match with the demands of the new international market. The franchises would be required to undertake the following activities. Evaluate the country’s economic system in seeking to ensure the utilization of business operations which are appropriate to the economic system. The franchises must undertake research within the country in which the franchise will operate in order to understand the operational elements which must be present for successful business operations. This would enable the franchises to learn about the various laws and regulations existing within the country, and the source of business supplies(Pipes, 2014). Understanding these factors will present the franchises with the capacity to undertake business operations successfully and ensure the appropriateness of their products. This study will enable the franchises to implement effective business strategies which are based on the situation analysis of the various elem ents which govern business operations within the other countries.

Case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Case study - Assignment Example In the evaluation and morale case, a number of problems emerge. According to the staff nurse, the nurse manager made some untrue against her in the report. In this respect, the problem of unfair evaluation emerges. Another problem also stems out of this context. The staff nurse’s morale is negatively affected by the report. The underlying adverse effect is directed towards the actual practice as much as it remains an issue with the staff nurse. This personal-practice-based implication of the report is a critical problem in the case. Over and above this, the staff nurse’s evaluation seems to have been directed towards one key event. In this respect, the progressive factor that should be captured in the report is not observed. Moreover, poor, inefficient, and ineffective communication between stakeholders (Phillips & Morris, 2011) is characteristic in the case. Finally, personal growth and development of the staff nurse is on the verge of being negated by the unfolding ev ents in the case. The above mentioned problems can be analyzed by employing a number of principles. An administrative problem that befalls any health care organization is critical (Burnard, et al. 2004). In the light of the case, it is important to understand the administrative standpoint of the nurse manager in executing her performance appraisal mandate. This is because the principle of dialogue is seemingly downplayed in relation to the manner in which the nurse manager executed the evaluation. Over and above that, issues to do with morality and ethics emerge. Moral and ethical principles are vital in analyzing problems related to nursing or any other health care practice (Walker & Avant, 2011). At the same time, it would be essential to account for professional platforms that are designed to promote personal and professional growth and development. In order to solve the problems described in the evaluation and morale case, a number of recommendations are

The Introduction Of Food Hygiene Health Essay

The Introduction Of Food Hygiene Health Essay Nowadays, public are emphasize on food hygiene. There are many food poisoning cases happen because of poor food hygiene standards. Food service businesses are taking important role in the proper hygiene standard. As Kashif Hussain(2005) stated that, food hygiene in a food service operation is the responsibility of everyone working in that establishment in order to prevent and reduce the risk of food borne illness. This paper is intended to study the relationship of food hygiene and customers purchasing behaviors among TARC Perak Branch Campus students. Food hygiene is very important to every restaurant. Maintaining standard hygiene in a restaurant may result in good reputation and increase restaurant table turnover rate. A proper hygiene standard in restaurant may influence customers purchasing behaviors. 1.2 Background of research Kampar is a town which located in Perak, Malaysia. In the early time, Kampar is a town which rich with tin reserves. After constructing TAR College and University, the job opportunities in Kampar are increased especially for food and beverage business. Among the restaurant business in Kampar, there are some of restaurant owner did not have proper hygiene knowledge or did not apply the food safety knowledge when operating their business. The lack of concern of hygiene will directly affect the health of Kampar residents as well as Kampar students such as food borne illness. 1.3 Problem Statement Statement of problem is to study the relationship between food hygiene and customers purchasing behaviours among TARC students. Food hygiene is very important for any food service industry. Good practicing in hygiene standard can help to enhance the restaurant reputation, customers purchasing behaviour and the most important issue is reduced the risk of food borne illness. 1.4 Objectives of the study The objectives in this research attempted to achieve the following: 1. To investigate how application of HACCP influence the purchasing behaviour among Kampar students 2. To investigate the relationship between food borne illness and purchasing behaviour among Kampar students 1.5 Research Questions 1 Will Application of HACCP influence purchasing behaviour among Kampar students? 2. Will factor of food borne illness influence the purchasing behaviour among Kampar students? 1.6 Research Hypothesis 1. Application of HACCP influence the Kampar students purchasing behaviour 2. Food borne illness will influence Kampar students purchasing behaviour. 1.7 Significance of Research This study will be a guideline for the restaurant business to understand that the importance and application of food hygiene in a restaurant. Besides that, this research will provide opportunity for person, who involved in restaurant industry to understand more about food hygiene, and the right way in the process of preparing, storing and serving the foods which safe for human consumption. 1.8 Scope and limitations of research This research is focused on food hygiene and customers purchasing behaviour. The area of this research was in Kampar restaurant and TARC Perak Branch Campus students are the population for this research. There are some limitations faced in this research. Researcher are facing problem when finding journals to support the research topic because most of the journal are old. 1.9 Operational Definition of Terms Food Hygiene, hazards, HACCP, Food borne illness Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction of food hygiene Educational Foundation of the National Restaurant Association (1992) defines food hygiene as the creation and maintenance of healthful or hygienic conditions. In a food service situation, the word food hygiene means wholesome food, handled and prepared in a way that, the food is not contaminated with disease causing agents. The World Health Organization 2002 stated that, food safety is an increasingly important public health issue and inadequate food safety control was a key contributor to the 2.1 million deaths from diarrhoeal disease globally in 2000. Keyvan Amjadi (2005), annual estimates for industrialised countries show that there are up to 30% of the populations are affected by food borne illness each year. Kashif Hussain(2005) stated, food hygiene in a food service operation is the responsibility of everyone working in that establishment. Proper food hygiene is known as healthful, clean and safety environment, and pleasant working conditions. Saunders (1991) stated that, every body must eat to survive and food safety is considered very important to consumers. Mossel (1992) add on that, a discrepancy between medically acknowledged risks and food safety risks as perceived by the consumer. Shapman and Shapman,(1992), Waites and Arbuthnott, (1991) add on that, many cases of food poisoning occur as a result of failure to control growth of pathogens in foods, but with due diligence at all stages in the food chain this is largely preventable 2.2 Definition of food hygiene The World Health Organization (2006) define food hygiene as all conditions and measures necessary to ensure the safety and suitability of food at all stages of the food-chain. Malcolm Tatum (2012), food  hygiene is used to describe the storage and preparation of foods in order to make sure that, food  is safe for human consumption. Malcolm Tatum (2012) adds on, food hygiene is usually refers practices at an individual or family status, whereas the food sanitation normally refers to types of procedures at the commercial level within the  food industry. Malcolm Tatum (2012) also mentions that there are some steps are needed to be emphasis and follow accordingly in order to maintain the food hygiene. The steps need to be concern are included washing hands before handling  food, proper storage of  food  before use, make sure that all serving dishes are clean and free of contaminants when preparing the food and lastly maintaining a clean environment. 2.3 HACCP Eunice Taylor, (2008) define Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) as a risk-based management system which designed for assure the microbiological safety of food manufactured for use in the United Stated manned space missions of the 1960s. Eunice Taylor (2008) add on that, HACCP has become the internationally recognised system of managing food safety and its use has been extended to control the full range of biological, chemical and physical hazards since that time. BenEmbarek (2002) define HACCP as an advance in modern technology, producing safety food and keeping it safety remains a worldwide public health problem with illness caused by the consumption of contaminated food described as the most widespread health problem now a days. Codex (1997) stated that, the systems of the HACCP building block are developed through application of the internationally agreed HACCP Principles. Motarjemi (1999) and Kaferstein (1999) stated that, the HACCP system will help to prevent from fo od borne illness outbreaks only if it is understood and applied it correctly. Motarjemi (1999) and Kaferstein (1999) add on, there are very few records of food borne illness outbreaks in which a food company operating with full commitment and understanding of the HACCP system has been involved. Motarjemi(1999) and Kaferstein (1999) emphasis that, food-borne illness would not occur if HACCP system is applied correctly. Whilst Motarjemi and Kaferstein (1999) argue with this point of view and stated that positive results may be expected when the HACCP system has been applied correctly, it is also necessary to establish ways of measuring HACCP effectiveness that are not based solely on retrospective analysis of outbreak data. 2.4 Food borne illness United Stated Food and Drug Administration (2000) found that the majority of food borne illnesses can be cause to five risk factors which included inadequate cooking, food from unsafe sources, improper holding temperatures, poor personal hygiene and contaminated equipment. Generally the causes to food borne illnesses can be divided into three distinct categories of hazards, which included biological, chemical, and physical. Educational Foundation of the National Restaurant Association (1992) defines the three categories of hazard. From the sources of Educational Foundation of the National Restaurant Association (1992), Biological hazard is defined as viruses, harmful bacteria, parasites or fungi. While for chemical hazard, Educational Foundation of the National Restaurant Association (1992) defined this term as contamination of food with food service chemicals and chemical substances containing in food. For physical hazard, is presence of foreign item that are not supposed to be a pa rt of a food product. Knight and Lendal (1989) point out some critical offences of food handling in behavioural errors and leading operation that can lead to outbreaks of food borne illnesses in food and beverage operations. The critical offences that Knight and Lendal (1989) pointed out included failure to properly cook, reheat or cool foods to proper temperatures, foods prepared in advance or more than a day before serving, raw contaminated ingredients incorporated into foods that receive no further cooking, food allowed to remain at bacteria incubation temperatures and lastly employees who practice poor personal hygiene, 2.5 Proper handling of food NHMRC (2003) said that, proper handling of food during all stages of its preparation and storage is factor in reducing the risk of food borne illness. (Redmond and Griffith, 2003) agree with this point of view and add on, a systematic review of food safety studies identified that consumer commonly implement unsafe food-handling behaviours during domestic food preparation. Jay et al. (1999) and Jevsnik et al. (2008) have done an observation research and found out that improper and infrequent hand-washing techniques are common in Australian food handlers and up to two-thirds of participants did not wash knives and cutting boards after use with raw meat and before reuse of implements and these also are the factors that cause food borne illness. There are another of research into food borne illness appears to show a difference between knowledge of correct food safety behaviours and applying this knowledge during actual behaviour. Redmond and Griffith (2003) compared studies into consumer food safety information and found that although the respondents have good knowledge in food safety, they did not apply in these food safety knowledge and behaviours in their actual operation. 6.0 Customers risk perception and purchasing behaviour Royal Society (1992) and HMSO (1995) define risk as a combination of the probability, or frequency, of occurrence of a defined hazard and the magnitude of the consequences of the occurrence. Solvic (1993) stated that, much of the publics reaction to risk could be attributed to sensitivity not only to the technical but also to the social and psychological qualities of hazards. HMSO (1995) add on that, with concern of food, people associate greater risk with circumstances and practices which they perceive are controlled by others, such as eating in restaurants, compared with situations in which they have perceived control, such as preparing and eating food at home. From the early research of Roselius and supported by Ruth M. W. Yeung (2002) stated that consumers tend to change their purchasing behaviour once a possible food hazard is perceived to reduce the perceived risk in a purchase. There are four types of purchasing behaviour, which include: stop, permanently or temporarily, the p urchase of offending product; reduce the purchase of the offending product; shift from one product to another similar type of product; or continue to purchase and absorb the unresolved risk, 2.6 Summary Nowadays, public are emphasize on food hygiene. As the report from The World Health Organization 2002, food safety is an increasingly important public health issue and inadequate food safety control was a key contributor to the 2.1 million deaths from diarrhoeal disease globally in 2000.There are many food poisoning cases happen because of poor food hygiene standards. As Kashif Hussain(2005) said, proper food hygiene results in healthful, clean, wholesome food, an orderly environment, and pleasant working conditions. Food industry and restaurant are taking important role in the proper hygiene standard. Kashif Hussain(2005) add on, food hygiene in a food service operation is the responsibility of everyone working in that establishment. Besides that, consumers have to understand the basic knowledge about food hygiene to reduce as well as prevent and the risk of food borne illness. For overall definition, food hygiene known as a practice of food safety included storage, handle, cook and present food. In order to remain the cleanliness level, some of the important steps are needed to concern. For example, the proper storage of food, maintaining kitchen cleanliness level, as well as the staff personal hygiene. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a form of food risk assessment used as a food safety control. HACCP helps to indentify the hazards of food and reduce the risk from storage, handler, and cook and serve the food to consumer. Lastly, food borne illness is caused by conducting poor food hygiene in food industry. To prevent from food borne illness, food industries have to properly cook and handle the food. Besides that, food industries especially restaurant business must stringent requirements their staff with standard hygiene concept. CHAPTER 3 3.1 Introduction In this research, I will interview TAR colleges students in Kampar to gain their opinion toward the relationship between food hygiene and purchasing behaviour by using quantitative research method. 3.2 Research Design This research is to study the relationship between food hygiene and customers purchasing behaviours among TARC students. Quantitative survey method will be conducted because the information is more reliable. Besides that, its more convenience, and efficient which face to face survey with TAR college students about the awareness of food hygiene. 3.3 Population The respondent in this research is focus on TARC Perak Branch Campus students. 3.4 Research Instrument Questionnaire is divided into 3 sections. Section A is awareness of food hygiene, Section B is HACCP, and Section C is customers purchasing behaviour and lastly Section D is demographic. There total 15 questions on food hygiene and customers purchasing behaviour in Section B and respondents responded on a likert scale which range from strongly agree to strongly disagree. 5 questions on customers purchasing behaviour were asked in Section C and likert scale which range from strongly agree to strongly disagree is provided. For the last section is demographic which included respondents gender, age as well as education level. 3.5 Research Procedure The method that used to collect data is through face to face interview with Kampar college students. Face to face interview can make sure that the information is more accurate and reliable. The question is printed in black and white papers that allow respondents to answer the questions accordingly. Before start my survey, I will have a short brief about my title and reason of research. After that, black and white printed question paper will be given to let respondents answer the question accordingly. Using face to face method with black and white printed questionnaire can make sure that respondents can answer accordingly and respondents can ask for question when they meet some problem in answering the question. 3.6 Method of collecting Data In this research, the instrument will use black and white printed survey form to interview Kampar students. All the survey questions are printed in black and white paper form to let respondents answer the survey question accordingly. Face to face survey by using black and white printed survey form can make sure that respondents are answering the question accordingly and also can get more reliable answers. Besides that, respondents can ask any question directly from me if they face any problem while answering the survey question. Method of Analysing Data The Statistic Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) is used for data analysis. Coefficient Alpha is used to test the reliability of question, independent- sample T-test is use to test the bias of respondents and lastly Pearson Correlation method are used to test the hypothesis. CHAPTER 4 Introduction The data analysis will be conducted by using Statistic Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software to find out the result for objective and hypothesis. Research Finding: Reliability Statistic Test A study was conducted to estimate the internal consistency of the 20 items which included HACCP, Food borne illness as well as Customers purchasing behaviour. Coefficient alpha for the scale was 0.770, indicating fair internal consistency among the items on the scale. The means of individual items ranged from 1.40 to 2.30, with a mean on the total scale of 32.50 (Standard Deviation = 4.171). Overall, the respondents responses on the scale indicated that they possessed a fairly degree of HACCP, Food borne illness and Customers purchasing behaviour. Independent-sample T-test Research Question 1. Will Application of HACCP influence purchasing behaviour among Kampar students? 2. Will factor of food borne illness influence the purchasing behaviour among Kampar students? Hypothesis Null Hypothesis 1: There is no significant difference in HACCP between purchasing behaviour. Alternative Hypothesis 1: There is a significant difference in HACCP between purchasing behaviour. Null Hypothesis 2: There is no significant difference in food borne illness between purchasing behaviour. Alternative Hypothesis 2: There is a significant difference in food borne illness between purchasing behaviour. Interpretation of result Table XXX indicated that the p-value is 0.666 which is greater than 0.05, means do not reject the null hypothesis and argue there is no significant difference in HACCP. Table XXX indicated that the p-value is 0.871 which is greater than 0.05, means do not reject the null hypothesis and argue there is no significant difference in food borne illness. Table XXX indicated that the p-value is 0.682 which is greater than 0.05, means do not reject the null hypothesis and argue there is no significant difference in purchasing behaviour. The Pearson r Correlations Coefficient The correlation table XXX, indicated that the correlation between HACCP and purchasing behaviour is 0.341** with corresponding p-value of 0.015 based on 50 respondents. Since the p-value is less than 0.05, there is significant positive relation between HACCP and purchasing behaviour. There is a relationship between HACCP and purchasing behaviour, r (0.341) at p is less than 0.05. Hence, there is a relationship which affirms that the two variables are positively related to population. The coefficient of determination: r the correlation between HACCP and purchasing behaviour of the respondent = 0.341 and r ² = the coefficient of determination = (0.341) ² = 0.1163. Therefore 11.63% if the variance in HACCP of the respondent can be explained by purchasing behaviour of respondents. While for second hypothesis, there is no relationship between food borne illness and purchasing behaviour, r (0.48) since the p-value is more than 0.05. Questionnaire SECTION A: Food Hygiene Below questions are continuous question 1(a). Based on the option below, which Kampar restaurants do you think that are having high level of cleanliness/ hygiene standard? Mc Donald ( Fast Food restaurant) Seng Yip ( Economy rice restaurant) East Ocean Dong Hai ( Chinese restaurant) Ghany Corner (Mamak store) 2. What are the factors that influence you to choose the restaurant from question 1(a)? The restaurant have proper standard to cook/serve the food (eg. Serve the food with clean tray) The utilities provided are clean and safe to use The restaurant environment are clean Staffs with proper attire Their dishes are fresh and nice SECTION B: Application of HACCP Respondent is asked to indicate the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with each statement by using 5 Likert scale. 1. My perception of cleanliness level in a restaurant is based on Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Proper handling of food Food presentation Restaurant environment Utensils and equipment used in restaurant 2. Based on your experience, please rate the following statement by putting a tick (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡) in the box. Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Food hygiene (sanitation level) is a factor that influence my choice of restaurant to dine in Proper storage of food before use, washing hand before handling food and maintaining a clean environment can make sure that all foods are free of contaminants 3. The following question is asking about the factors that cause food borne illness. Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Food come from unsafe sources will cause food borne illness Inadequate cooking method will cause food borne illness Improper holding temperature will cause food borne illness Using contaminated equipment will cause food borne illness Poor personal hygiene will cause food borne illness 4. Based on your dining experience, please rate the following statement by putting a tick (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡) in the box. Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree The restaurant has standard sanitation level The restaurant food I often dine in is cooking in proper cooking method The restaurant food I often dine in is serving in proper temperature The restaurant staff s have proper attire SECTION C: Customers Behavior 1. The below questions are asking about customers behavior. Based on your experience, please rate the following statement by putting a tick (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡) in the box. Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree I will never dine in to the restaurant again if found a foreign object in my food I will never visit to the particular restaurant again if I found out that they did not poorly handle of food (eg. Serve the food which dropped on floor) I will never visit to the particular restaurant again if I found out that there is presence of pesticides I will never visit to the particular restaurant again if I found out that the utilities provided is dirty I will never visit to the particular restaurant again if my food is not serving in proper temperature (eg. Rice and dishes is cold and not fresh) SECTION D: Demographic 1. Gender Male Female 2. Age 18-21 22-24 25-27 3. Highest Level education acquire SPM Certificate Diploma Advanced Diploma Chapter 5